N457 -Trypanosoma (transmitted / tse tse)
Synonyms
Nagana-Samore
Name of the disease in English
Trypanosomiasis-Nagana or African trypanosomiasis.
The disease in brief
Disease notifiable to the OIE-2018
Trypanosoma, a flagellated parasite, is transmitted by biting insects to all animals and humans. Several species of Trypanosomes, all of which are prevalent in Africa: T. vivax (Central and South America too), T. congolense, T. brucei, T. simiae. Morbidity and mortality rates are always worrying, but vary from one species to another.
The tsetse fly is the No. 1 transmission agent, along with biting flies for T. vivax; other insects can carry the parasite, such as injection needles and surgical equipment.
Clinic & diagnosis
The disease is first suspected under its most frequent form, subacute to chronic, by observing:
-Conjunctival or vaginal mucous membranes paler than normal (anemia)
-Fever
-A subacute (1-3 days) or chronic (1 to 4 weeks) evolution
-Other specific signs: We note that the problem is recurrent (with improvements and relapses), or hypertrophy of the lymph nodes (isolated or multicentric).
The acute form of T.vivax disease is less common:
-Petechiae or anemia of the conjunctival or vaginal mucous membranes
-Fever
-A subacute (1-3 days) or chronic (1 to 4 weeks) evolution
-Other specific signs: Epistaxis or hemorrhagic diarrhea are noted or the problem is recurrent (with improvements and relapses), or hypertrophy of the lymph nodes (isolated or multicentric).
Typical sign of the disease
No description
Pictures
See below
Diagnostic formulas
No description
Differential diagnosis
– Fascioliasis-N51
– Copper deficiency-N72
– Tumor (to be specified-localized)-N48
– Bunostomosis-N12
– Mycoplasma weynyonii (Infection by)-N33
-Hemorrhagic septicemia N465
-Anthrax (Anthrax/Anthrax) N342
Confirm a suspicion?
You must alert the authorities via the DSV to find out the official confirmation methods; collect blood on a dry tube and on an anticoagulant tube (EDTA tube-purple cap); it is possible for a histologist to make smears for direct observation; serological tests exist as well as PCR tests in specialized laboratories.
Prognosis and treatment
If the suspicion is confirmed, the instructions given by the authorities should be followed and treatment will not necessarily be the priority: The medications that can be used are not available in France: Diminazene aceturate, Homidium bromide, or chloride, isometamidium, pyrithidium bromide. The use of these products can only be done under the direction of specialists, resistance being as common as it is feared.
Prevention
The prevention strategy is provided and organized by the health authorities. It includes insecticide treatments and preventive treatments.
References
-Veterinary Medicine-Pocket companion -9th Edition BLOOD DC-page471
Remarks :
Other specific signs: Epistaxis or hemorrhagic diarrhea are noted or the problem is recurrent (with improvements and relapses), or hypertrophy of the lymph nodes (isolated or multicentric).
For Akabane disease, diagnosis can also be made by RT-PCR on the malformed fetus (brain, spinal cord)